The result would often be a different word, as in schon "already", schön "beautiful" or a different grammatic form, e.g. As the pronunciation differs greatly between the normal letter and the umlaut, simply omitting the dots would be incorrect. So, for example, "Schröder" becomes "Schroeder". When typing German with a keyboard that doesn't have umlaut letters, it is usual to replace them with the underlying vowel followed by an ⟨e⟩. This may include umlaut dots placed vertically or inside the body of the letter. Unusual umlaut designs are sometimes also created for graphic design purposes, such as to fit umlaut dots into tightly spaced lines of text. Even from the 16th century, the handwritten convention of indicating umlaut by two dots placed above the affected vowel is also found in printed texts. In the forms of handwriting that emerged in the early modern period (of which Sütterlin is the latest and best-known example) the letter ⟨e⟩ was composed of two short vertical lines very close together, and the superscript ⟨e⟩ looked like two tiny strokes. In blackletter handwriting, as used in German manuscripts of the later Middle Ages, and also in many printed texts of the early modern period, the superscript ⟨e⟩ still had a form that would be recognisable as an ⟨e⟩, but in manuscript writing, umlauted vowels could be indicated by two dots since the late medieval period. Compare also ⟨ ñ⟩ for the digraph nn, with the tilde as a superscript ⟨n⟩. In bluome ("flower"), for example, the ⟨o⟩ was frequently placed above the ⟨u⟩ ( blůme). In medieval German manuscripts, other digraphs were also commonly written using superscripts. This can still be seen in some names, e.g. From the Middle High German period, it was sometimes denoted in written German by adding an e to the affected vowel, either after the vowel or, in small form, above it. German phonological umlaut was present in the Old High German period and continued to develop in Middle High German. * fōtiz), but English orthography does not indicate this vowel change using the umlaut diacritic. English examples are 'man ~ men' and 'foot ~ feet' (from Proto-Germanic * fōts, pl. The Germanic umlaut is a specific historical phenomenon of vowel-fronting in German and other Germanic languages, including English. The Sütterlin script used here is a later development, however. they are written with the umlaut diacritic, which looks identical to the diaeresis mark used in other European languages and is represented by the same Unicode character.įurther information: Germanic umlaut New and old forms of umlaut Illustration of the development of umlaut: schoen ⇨ schoͤn ⇨ schön ('beautiful'). In modern German orthography, the affected graphemes ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, and ⟨au⟩ are written as ⟨ ä⟩, ⟨ ö⟩, ⟨ ü⟩, and ⟨äu⟩, i.e. → very formal/old fashioned, in most speakers (resulting in a merger with /eː/).In German, the umlaut diacritic indicates that the short back vowels and the diphthong are pronounced ("shifted forward in the mouth") as follows:Īnd the long back vowels are pronounced in the front of the mouth as follows: In German, the combination of a letter with the diacritical mark is called Umlaut, while the marks themselves are called Umlautzeichen (literally "umlaut sign"). In German, this term is also used for the corresponding letters ä, ö, and ü (and the diphthong äu) and the sounds that these letters represent. Umlaut (literally "changed sound") is the German name of the sound shift phenomenon also known as i-mutation. U-umlauts on a German traffic sign German origin and current usage The word trema ( French: tréma), used in linguistics and also classical scholarship, describes the form of both the umlaut diacritic and the diaeresis rather than their function and is used in those contexts to refer to either. It looks identical to the diaeresis mark used in other European languages and is represented by the same Unicode code point. In its contemporary printed form, the mark consists of two dots placed over the letter to represent the changed vowel sound. (The term Germanic umlaut is also used for the underlying historical sound shift process.) The umlaut ( / ˈ ʊ m l aʊ t/) is the diacritical mark ( ◌̈) used to indicate in writing (as part of the letters ⟨ä⟩, ⟨ö⟩, and ⟨ü⟩) the result of the historical sound shift due to which former back vowels are now pronounced as front vowels (for example, , and as, , and ).
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